Forging a triad: the potential of a Pakistan – Turkey – Iran alliance

Mirza Kashif Baig

Regional cooperation has gained renewed significance in an era marked by shifting alliances and emerging power blocs. Strategically positioned at the crossroads of South Asia and the Middle East, Pakistan navigates a complex web of geopolitical challenges and opportunities. Forging a strategic alliance with Turkey and Iran presents a compelling proposition for Pakistan to enhance its regional influence, safeguard its national interests, and contribute to regional stability. Iran has indulged in severe war situations that have seriously affected Pakistan.

Historical context and shared heritage

In spite of Iran’s indulgence in crisis, Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran share deep historical and cultural ties that span centuries. The legacy of the Ottoman Empire, the Persian Empire, and the Mughal Empire has left indelible marks on these societies, fostering a shared cultural and religious heritage. This common foundation provides fertile ground for mutual understanding and cooperation.

In 1964, the three nations formalized their cooperation through the Regional Cooperation for Development (RCD), aiming to promote economic collaboration and cultural exchange. Although the RCD was dissolved in 1979, it was revitalized as the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) in 1985, expanding to include other regional countries. This history of institutional collaboration underscores the enduring desire for regional partnership.

Existing ties between Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran

Mutual interests and growing cooperation characterize the current relationships among Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran:

• Pakistan-Turkey relations:

Pakistan and Turkey enjoy a robust friendship rooted in shared cultural values and historical bonds. High-level visits and strategic dialogues have strengthened their ties. Both nations have signed multiple agreements in defense cooperation, trade, and technology transfer. Turkey has consistently supported Pakistan’s stance on the Kashmir issue, while Pakistan has backed Turkey on matters concerning Northern Cyprus and other regional concerns. Joint military exercises and training programs reflect their deepening defense collaboration.

• Pakistan-Iran relations:

Despite occasional tensions related to border security and sectarian dynamics, Pakistan and Iran maintain a relationship based on mutual respect and shared interests. The two countries collaborate on combating drug trafficking and managing border security. The proposed Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline signifies potential economic synergy, aiming to address Pakistan’s energy needs while providing Iran with a valuable export market. Both nations also share concerns over the stability of Afghanistan and the threat of extremist groups operating in the region.

• Turkey-Iran relations:

Turkey and Iran have a complex relationship marked by both cooperation and competition. While they have divergent views on certain regional conflicts, such as in Syria, they collaborate economically and engage in dialogue to manage differences. Trade between the two countries has grown, with agreements in the energy, transportation, and tourism sectors. Both nations participate in trilateral mechanisms, including with Pakistan, to address regional issues.

Strategic imperatives for Pakistan

The potential alliance offers Pakistan several strategic advantages:

1. Security enhancement:

Collaborative security arrangements can help Pakistan address threats from extremist groups and manage border security more effectively. Intelligence sharing and joint counter-terrorism initiatives can bolster national security. China and Russia’s help will be required.

2. Economic opportunities:

Strengthening economic ties with Turkey and Iran can open new markets for Pakistani goods, attract foreign investment, and facilitate infrastructure development. Joint ventures in industries like textiles, agriculture, and technology can spur economic growth.

3. Energy security:

Partnering with Iran provides access to its vast energy resources, crucial for meeting Pakistan’s growing energy demands. Reviving and securing projects like the Iran-Pakistan gas pipeline can diversify energy sources.

4. Diplomatic influence:

An alliance enhances Pakistan’s diplomatic standing, allowing it to play a more influential role in regional affairs. Coordinated positions on international platforms can amplify their collective voice on issues like the Palestinian cause and regional peace initiatives.

Turkey and Iran:

Complementary partners

• Turkey’s geopolitical ambitions:

Turkey seeks to expand its regional influence and has invested in strengthening ties with Muslim-majority countries. Its advanced economy and defense capabilities make it an attractive partner for Pakistan. Collaborative projects in defense production and technology can be mutually beneficial.

• Iran’s regional role:

Iran’s strategic location and energy resources are significant assets. Despite facing sanctions, Iran has maintained its regional influence. Cooperation with Iran can help Pakistan secure its western border and access Central Asian markets through transit routes.

Opportunities presented by the alliance

1. Economic integration:

o trade expansion: Reducing trade barriers can significantly boost intra-regional commerce. Developing transport corridors and logistics infrastructure can facilitate trade flows.

o joint investment: Collaborative investment in sectors like energy, mining, and agriculture can stimulate economic development.

2. Defense collaboration:

o military cooperation: Regular joint exercises can improve military readiness and interoperability. Sharing expertise in defense technologies can enhance capabilities involving Chinese and Russian forces.

o counter-terrorism: Unified efforts to combat terrorism can address shared security threats effectively.

3. Cultural and educational exchange:

o academic collaborations: Exchange programs and research partnerships can foster innovation and mutual understanding.

o tourism development: Promoting tourism can strengthen people-to-people connections and generate economic benefits.

4. Diplomatic coordination:

o unified stance on global issues: Presenting a coordinated front on international matters can increase influence in global governance structures.

o conflict resolution: The alliance can serve as a platform for mediating regional disputes and promoting peace.

Challenges to overcome

Several obstacles must be addressed to realize the full potential of the alliance:

1. Geopolitical rivalries:

Historical tensions and competition for regional influence, particularly between Turkey and Iran, can hinder cooperation. Diplomatic efforts are needed to build trust and manage differences.

2. External pressures:

o sanctions on Iran: International sanctions pose legal and financial challenges for economic cooperation. Navigating these requires strategic planning and possibly advocating for sanctions relief.

o relations with other powers: Balancing relationships with Western countries, Russia, and China is crucial to avoid alienating important partners.

3. Sectarian tensions:

Sectarian divides can be exploited to undermine unity. Promoting inclusive narratives and interfaith dialogue is essential.

4. economic disparities:

Aligning economic policies and addressing disparities require careful negotiation to ensure equitable benefits.

Strategic recommendations for Pakistan

1. Strengthen diplomatic engagement:

Initiate high-level dialogues to identify shared objectives and establish frameworks for cooperation. Regular summits and ministerial meetings can institutionalize the alliance.

2. Enhance economic cooperation:

Prioritize infrastructure projects that enhance connectivity, such as road and rail links connecting the three countries. Establish special economic zones to attract investment.

3. Expand defense collaboration:

Formalize defense agreements focusing on technology transfer, joint production, and training. Establish joint task forces with Russia and China to address specific security threats.

4. Promote cultural diplomacy:

Organize cultural festivals, academic conferences, and media exchanges to build mutual understanding and counter negative stereotypes.

5. Manage external relations carefully:

Continue to engage with global powers and international organizations to maintain a balanced foreign policy. Ensure that the alliance complements existing partnerships.

Potential impact on regional stability

A Pakistan-Turkey-Iran alliance could serve as a stabilizing force by:

• deterring aggression:A united front can discourage hostile actions from adversaries by increasing the costs of confrontation with extended cooperation with Russia and China through CPEC and Railroad.
• fostering multilateralism:Promoting cooperative approaches to regional issues aligns with international norms and can reduce unilateral interventions.
• enhancing economic prosperity:Economic growth driven by regional cooperation can alleviate poverty and reduce the appeal of extremist ideologies.

Conclusion

The potential alliance between Pakistan, Turkey, and Iran holds significant promise. It offers strategic depth, economic opportunities, and enhanced diplomatic influence for Pakistan. While challenges exist, they can be mitigated through sustained efforts, mutual respect, and a shared vision for regional prosperity.

Pakistan must proactively pursue alliances that bolster its national interests in an increasingly complex global environment. The proposed triad benefits the member nations and contributes to regional stability and development. The alliance can become a cornerstone of a more peaceful and prosperous region by leveraging existing ties and building on shared heritage.

The author is Editor Interaction Monthly.